DIGITAL MARKETING AND GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR: A STUDY OF YOUTH PUNTERS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

Sport betting companies in Nigeria have grown over the years and have been able to leverage on huge football fandom culture among the youths. The internet has played an important role in increasing the popularity of sports betting in Nigeria. The Nigerian sport betting companies are faced with several challenges most especially that of strong competition from rival firms and high marketing costs involved with creating awareness and getting customers. These companies also face issues with the way it has been perceived by the general public due to its addictive nature. One of the tools sport betting companies use to reach and convert their audience is digital marketing. The study explored the influence of digital marketing on the gambling behaviour of youth Punters in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted a mixed research methodology in answering the research questions posed in the study. A structured questionnaire and focus group discussion were used as instruments for data collection. A total of 600 copies of the questionnaire were administered to punters between the ages of 18 to 35 based on three senatorial districts in Lagos State, Nigeria while the focus group discussion was carried out with thirty Punters based on three senatorial districts in Lagos State, Nigeria. Quantitative data analyses were carried out using regression analysis while qualitative data were analyzed and interpreted using Thematic Analysis. The result of the inferential statistical analysis showed that search engine marketing has a significant on the motive of youth Punters. The regression analysis of the hypotheses explained by the R2 could be deduced that search engine marketing explains 16.4% variation in the motive of youth punters, social media marketing explained 8.4% variation in the personalities of youth punters, online display advertisement explains 26.6% variation in the perception of youth punter and online content marketing explains 28.3% variation in the learning of youth punter at a significance level less than 1%. The result obtained from the qualitative analysis of the study revealed several recurring themes which are search engine marketing and financial gains for the first objective, social media marketing, and thorough mindedness, online display ads and Ads blindness and online content marketing and online learning of youth punters. The investigation of the quantitative study validated that of a qualitative study in all the objectives except the third. The third quantitative findings opposed the findings of the qualitative study in the sense that the majority of the punters that partook in the focus group discussion developed a way of blocking the online display ads. This study revealed that one of the most significant influences of digital marketing has come from social media marketing due to the huge amount of people digital marketers have access to. Based on the findings, the study recommended that digital marketing agencies and betting companies should focus on providing long-term value for their consumers to help protect society from harm caused by betting

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Adaptation of the Wound Healing Questionnaire universal-reporter outcome measure for use in global surgery trials (TALON-1 study): mixed-methods study and Rasch analysis

BackgroundThe Bluebelle Wound Healing Questionnaire (WHQ) is a universal-reporter outcome measure developed in the UK for remote detection of surgical-site infection after abdominal surgery. This study aimed to explore cross-cultural equivalence, acceptability, and content validity of the WHQ for use across low- and middle-income countries, and to make recommendations for its adaptation.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods study within a trial (SWAT) embedded in an international randomized trial, conducted according to best practice guidelines, and co-produced with community and patient partners (TALON-1). Structured interviews and focus groups were used to gather data regarding cross-cultural, cross-contextual equivalence of the individual items and scale, and conduct a translatability assessment. Translation was completed into five languages in accordance with Mapi recommendations. Next, data from a prospective cohort (SWAT) were interpreted using Rasch analysis to explore scaling and measurement properties of the WHQ. Finally, qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated using a modified, exploratory, instrumental design model.ResultsIn the qualitative phase, 10 structured interviews and six focus groups took place with a total of 47 investigators across six countries. Themes related to comprehension, response mapping, retrieval, and judgement were identified with rich cross-cultural insights. In the quantitative phase, an exploratory Rasch model was fitted to data from 537 patients (369 excluding extremes). Owing to the number of extreme (floor) values, the overall level of power was low. The single WHQ scale satisfied tests of unidimensionality, indicating validity of the ordinal total WHQ score. There was significant overall model misfit of five items (5, 9, 14, 15, 16) and local dependency in 11 item pairs. The person separation index was estimated as 0.48 suggesting weak discrimination between classes, whereas Cronbach's α was high at 0.86. Triangulation of qualitative data with the Rasch analysis supported recommendations for cross-cultural adaptation of the WHQ items 1 (redness), 3 (clear fluid), 7 (deep wound opening), 10 (pain), 11 (fever), 15 (antibiotics), 16 (debridement), 18 (drainage), and 19 (reoperation). Changes to three item response categories (1, not at all; 2, a little; 3, a lot) were adopted for symptom items 1 to 10, and two categories (0, no; 1, yes) for item 11 (fever).ConclusionThis study made recommendations for cross-cultural adaptation of the WHQ for use in global surgical research and practice, using co-produced mixed-methods data from three continents. Translations are now available for implementation into remote wound assessment pathways